Synthesis Transparency
Browse peer-reviewed research, institutional clinical trials, and synthesis data on blank. peptide compounds.
Compound: BPC-157
Inst: Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
Analysis of 36 studies (1993–2024) found BPC-157 enhanced growth hormone receptor expression, angiogenic pathways, and reduced inflammatory cytokines with improved biomechanical outcomes in musculoskeletal injuries.
Compound: BPC-157
Inst: Loughborough University, UK
Comprehensive review concluding that all BPC-157 studies demonstrate consistently positive and prompt healing effects for various traumatic and systemic soft tissue injuries including tendons, ligaments, and skeletal muscle.
Compound: BPC-157
Inst: Chang Gung University, Taiwan
BPC 157 significantly accelerated tendon explant outgrowth, increased cell survival under oxidative stress, and markedly increased in vitro migration of tendon fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner.
Compound: BPC-157
Inst: University of Zagreb Medical School
BPC 157 improved tendon healing biomechanically (increased load-to-failure and elasticity), functionally, and microscopically — achieving superior fibroblast formation and collagen deposition.
Compound: BPC-157
Inst: University of Zagreb
BPC-157 counteracted NSAID-induced intestinal damage by stabilizing intestinal permeability, restoring cytoprotective prostaglandin systems, and recovering leaky-gut syndrome pathways.
Compound: TB-500
Inst: UT Southwestern Medical Center
Thymosin β4 activated epicardial progenitor cells, inhibited myocardial cell death, stimulated vessel growth, and reduced cardiac scarring through integrin-linked kinase activation.
Compound: TB-500
Inst: Imperial College London
Thymosin β4 activated quiescent epicardial cells, promoting their migration into cardiac tissue where they facilitate coronary neovascularization and regeneration of functional myocardium.
Compound: TB-500
Inst: Wayne State University / RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals
RGN-259 (thymosin β4) showed significant reduction in discomfort scores and improvements in corneal staining in 72 subjects with dry eye disease.
Compound: TB-500
Inst: Wayne State University
Thymosin β4 proved equal to or more effective than cyclosporine A, diquafosol, and lifitegrast in promoting mucin recovery, corneal integrity, and reducing inflammation.
Compound: GHK-Cu
Inst: GHK Research / Skin Biology
Gene expression analysis showing GHK-Cu regulates 4,000+ human genes, upregulating regenerative genes while suppressing pro-aging genes including NF-κB and inflammatory mediators.
Compound: GHK-Cu
Inst: GHK Research
Comprehensive review demonstrating GHK-Cu stimulates collagen and elastin synthesis, modulates metalloproteinase activity, promotes fibroblast function, and operates through multiple signaling mechanisms.
Compound: GHK-Cu
Inst: GHK Research
GHK-Cu functions as copper complex enhancing wound healing and collagen synthesis through angiogenesis, antioxidant defense, and prevention of protein degradation, with age-related decline noted.
Compound: KPV
Inst: Emory University
KPV inhibits NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion through PepT1 transporter mechanism. Oral administration reduced DSS- and TNBS-induced colitis incidence.
Compound: KPV
Inst: University of Muenster, Germany
KPV demonstrated earlier recovery, stronger body weight regain, and significantly reduced inflammatory infiltrates in two IBD models, with effects partially independent of MC1R signaling.
Compound: KPV
Inst: Georgia State University
HA-KPV nanoparticles showed targeted delivery to colonic epithelial cells and macrophages, exerting combined effects against UC by accelerating mucosal healing and alleviating inflammation.
Compound: Semaglutide
Inst: Cleveland Clinic (Multi-Center)
Landmark trial of 17,604 patients showed semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly reduced major adverse cardiovascular events by 20% in non-diabetic patients with obesity over 39.8 months.
Compound: Semaglutide
Inst: Multi-Center International
104-week trial in 3,297 high-risk T2DM patients showed semaglutide reduced composite MACE by 26% versus placebo — establishing cardiovascular benefit for GLP-1 receptor agonists.
Compound: Semaglutide
Inst: Multi-Center International
Demonstrated cardiovascular safety of oral semaglutide 14 mg daily versus placebo in 3,183 high-risk T2DM patients, with trend toward all-cause mortality reduction.
Compound: Semaglutide
Inst: University of Liverpool (Multi-Center)
68-week trial of 1,961 adults showed semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly achieved 14.9% mean body weight loss versus 2.4% with placebo, establishing landmark weight management efficacy.
Compound: Tirzepatide
Inst: Yale School of Medicine (Multi-Center)
72-week landmark trial of 2,539 patients showed tirzepatide achieved body weight reductions of 15.0–20.9% versus 3.1% placebo — establishing dual GIP/GLP-1 agonism superiority.
Compound: Tirzepatide
Inst: Multi-Center International
Head-to-head trial of 1,879 patients showed tirzepatide achieved superior HbA1c reduction and greater weight loss (5.5–7.3 kg) than semaglutide 1 mg.
Compound: Tirzepatide
Inst: University of Pennsylvania (Multi-Center)
72-week trial showed tirzepatide achieved additional 18.4% weight loss beyond intensive lifestyle intervention, with 95% reaching ≥5% total weight loss.
Compound: Tirzepatide
Inst: Multi-Center (India, Japan, Mexico, USA)
40-week monotherapy trial showed tirzepatide produced superior HbA1c reduction of 1.9–2.5% and weight loss of 7.0–9.5 kg, with 92% achieving HbA1c <7%.
Compound: Retatrutide
Inst: Yale School of Medicine (Multi-Center)
Landmark Phase 2 trial demonstrated retatrutide 12 mg achieved 24.2% mean weight loss after 48 weeks — significantly outperforming all existing single and dual agonist therapies.
Compound: Retatrutide
Inst: Multi-Center (USA)
Phase 2 trial showed retatrutide achieved 16.9% weight loss with HbA1c improvements of 2.2%, with 82% of participants reaching HbA1c ≤6.5% after 36 weeks.
Compound: Retatrutide
Inst: University of California (Multi-Center)
Phase 2a trial demonstrated retatrutide 12 mg achieved 82.4% mean reduction in liver fat at 24 weeks, with 86% of participants normalizing liver fat levels below 5%.
Compound: NAD+
Inst: Gladstone Institutes / UC San Francisco
Seminal review examining NAD+ as a central redox cofactor in 500+ enzymatic reactions, detailing how age-related NAD+ decline drives senescence, genomic instability, and metabolic dysfunction.
Compound: NAD+
Inst: Medical University of Graz / Gustave Roussy Institute
NAD+ pools decline with aging, obesity, and hypertension. Experimental NAD+ elevation improves multiple cardiomyopathies and extends healthspan in preclinical models.
Compound: NAD+
Inst: Haukeland University Hospital, Norway
High-dose nicotinamide riboside (3,000 mg daily) was safe and well-tolerated, producing up to 5-fold blood NAD+ increases with improvement in motor scores correlating with NAD+ response.
Compound: NAD+
Inst: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
NAD+ supplementation conferred robust neuroprotection against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cell death through enhanced DNA repair capacity and reduced cytotoxic DNA lesions.
Compound: MOTS-c
Inst: University of Southern California
MOTS-c enhanced physical performance across the lifespan; in aged mice (equivalent to 65+ years), it doubled running capacity by regulating nuclear gene expression in skeletal muscle.
Compound: MOTS-c
Inst: University of Southern California
Foundational study identifying MOTS-c as a novel mitochondrial-derived peptide that prevents age- and diet-induced insulin resistance through AMPK activation via folate cycle inhibition.
Compound: MOTS-c
Inst: University of Southern California
MOTS-c reduced senescence markers in aged pancreatic islets and improved glucose intolerance in diabetic mice. Circulating MOTS-c levels are lower in T2D patients versus healthy controls.
Compound: Glutathione
Inst: Multi-Center
250 diabetic patients receiving 500 mg GSH daily for 6 months showed significant increases in blood GSH, reduced oxidative damage markers, and improved HbA1c in patients over 55.
Compound: Glutathione
Inst: Multi-Center (India)
Five RCTs on oral glutathione (250–500 mg daily) showed significant melanin index reduction versus placebo. Combined topical and oral therapy was superior to monotherapy.
Compound: Glutathione
Inst: Penn State University
Liposomal GSH (500–1000 mg daily) elevated GSH levels 40% in whole blood and 100% in immune cells after 2 weeks, supporting effectiveness in elevating GSH stores and improving immune markers.
Compound: Epithalon
Inst: St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology
Epitalon induced telomerase activity and extended telomere length across multiple human cell lines, with cells exceeding the Hayflick limit by approximately 10 passages. Animal studies showed 12–13% lifespan increase.
Compound: Epithalon
Inst: Multi-Institutional
Comprehensive review detailing 25 years of epitalon research including telomerase activation mechanisms, methylated DNA binding, histone H1 interaction, and epigenetic regulation of gene expression.
Compound: Epithalon
Inst: St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology
Epitalon stimulated gene expression and protein synthesis during neurogenesis through epigenetic mechanisms involving methylated DNA binding and histone protein interactions.
Compound: Melanotan II
Inst: University of Arizona
Double-blind crossover study in 20 men found MT-II induced erection in 17/20 subjects without sexual stimulation, with 68% reporting increased sexual desire versus 19% on placebo.
Compound: Melanotan II
Inst: Menzies Research Institute, Australia
77 Caucasian participants showed significant melanin density increase (p<0.001) versus placebo. Greater effect observed in subjects with MC1R variant alleles compared to wild-type.
Compound: Melanotan II
Inst: Multi-Institutional European Collaboration
Comprehensive 2025 review examining melanogenesis mechanisms, safety profile, and clinical utility of melanocortin receptor activation in dermatological research applications.
Compound: Ipamorelin
Inst: Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark
Foundational paper establishing ipamorelin as a selective GHS-R1a agonist. Unlike GHRP-2 and GHRP-6, ipamorelin does not stimulate ACTH or cortisol, making it uniquely selective.
Compound: Ipamorelin
Inst: Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark
Dose-escalation trial demonstrated ipamorelin produces a GH release episode peaking at 0.67 hours with terminal half-life of 2 hours across five dose levels in healthy male volunteers.
Compound: Ipamorelin
Inst: Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark
Ipamorelin dose-dependently increased longitudinal bone growth rate from 42 to 52 µm/day with pronounced dose-dependent effects on body weight gain in adult female rats.
Compound: CJC-1295
Inst: Multi-Center
Single injection of CJC-1295 produced dose-dependent GH increases of 2–10 fold sustained for 6+ days and IGF-I elevations of 1.5–3 fold for 9–11 days, with half-life of 5.8–8.1 days.
Compound: CJC-1295
Inst: Multi-Center
CJC-1295 increased trough and mean GH secretion and IGF-I production while preserving physiological GH pulsatility — distinguishing it from continuous GH replacement.
Compound: CJC-1295
Inst: Multi-Center
Proteomic analysis of sera from 11 healthy men demonstrated significant protein profile changes reflecting GH/IGF-1 axis activation one week after CJC-1295 injection.
Compound: Sermorelin
Inst: Multi-Center
5-month trial demonstrated significant increases in skin thickness and lean body mass in males receiving nightly subcutaneous sermorelin injections with improved wellbeing markers.
Compound: Sermorelin
Inst: University of South Florida
Comprehensive analysis proposing sermorelin as preferable to recombinant GH for growth hormone replacement, highlighting its advantage of maintaining physiological GH pulsatility.
Compound: Sermorelin
Inst: Multi-Institutional
Review documenting GHS effects on lean mass, adiposity reduction, and potential adjunctive therapy for hypogonadism with comparable fat loss to recombinant GH therapy.
Compound: Tesamorelin
Inst: McGill University (Multi-Center)
412 HIV patients receiving tesamorelin 2 mg daily showed selective 18% visceral fat reduction with improved body image over 26 weeks in this landmark NEJM trial.
Compound: Tesamorelin
Inst: Massachusetts General Hospital (Multi-Center)
Tesamorelin-treated group showed VAT decrease of 27.8 cm² versus 5.1 cm² increase in placebo, with triglyceride reductions of 50 mg/dL and modest hepatic fat improvements.
Compound: Tesamorelin
Inst: Massachusetts General Hospital (Multi-Center)
61 HIV patients with NAFLD showed absolute hepatic fat reduction of 4.1% (37% relative) versus placebo over 12 months, with evidence of reduced fibrosis progression.
Compound: BPC-157
Inst: University of Zagreb
Comprehensive review of BPC 157 clinical development for inflammatory bowel disease including ulcerative colitis trials, demonstrating mucosal healing and anti-inflammatory effects across multiple organ systems.
Compound: BPC-157
Inst: Chang Gung University, Taiwan
BPC 157 upregulated growth hormone receptor expression and activated the JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway in cultured tendon fibroblasts, elucidating a molecular mechanism for its tissue-repair effects.
Compound: BPC-157
Inst: University of Zagreb
Review of BPC 157 effects on the brain-gut axis demonstrating neuroprotective, anxiolytic, and antidepressant-like activity alongside gastrointestinal healing through dopaminergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic modulation.
Compound: BPC-157
Inst: University of Zagreb
BPC 157 rapidly corrects disturbed endothelial function, promotes angiogenesis through VEGF upregulation, and rescues ischemic/reperfusion injuries in multiple vascular beds across experimental models.
Compound: BPC-157
Inst: University of Zagreb
BPC 157 administered systemically after spinal cord compression injuries resulted in significantly improved motor function recovery and reduced lesion size compared to saline controls.
Compound: TB-500
Inst: George Washington University
Comprehensive review spanning three decades of Tβ4 research documenting its roles in wound healing, anti-inflammation, angiogenesis, and cardiac repair with a focus on translational clinical applications.
Compound: TB-500
Inst: NIH / National Cancer Institute
Topical and systemic Tβ4 application accelerated dermal wound healing in aged mice, with enhanced angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and keratinocyte migration compared to controls.
Compound: TB-500
Inst: University of Cagliari
Tβ4 acts as an endogenous iron chelator that protects cells from ferroptotic death through iron sequestration, providing a novel mechanism for its broad cytoprotective effects.
Compound: TB-500
Inst: Taipei Veterans General Hospital
Tβ4 pretreatment significantly attenuated H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species production, reduced apoptosis markers, and suppressed autophagy in human corneal epithelial cells.
Compound: TB-500
Inst: RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals
Review of preclinical cardiac studies demonstrating Tβ4 reduces scar formation, stimulates epicardial cell migration, and improves left ventricular function after myocardial infarction.
Compound: Semaglutide
Inst: Multi-Center International
In 3,297 patients with T2D, semaglutide reduced major adverse cardiovascular events by 26% versus placebo over 2.1 years (HR 0.74), driven by 39% stroke reduction and 26% nonfatal MI reduction.
Compound: Semaglutide
Inst: University of Alabama at Birmingham (Multi-Center)
Participants receiving semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly maintained 15.2% body weight loss at 104 weeks, with significant improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors including waist circumference and HbA1c.
Compound: Semaglutide
Inst: Cleveland Clinic (Multi-Center)
Landmark trial in 17,604 overweight/obese patients without diabetes demonstrated semaglutide reduced major adverse cardiovascular events by 20% over a mean 39.8 months follow-up.
Compound: Semaglutide
Inst: University of Pennsylvania (Multi-Center)
Combined with intensive behavioral therapy, semaglutide 2.4 mg produced 16.0% mean body weight loss at 68 weeks, with 75.3% of participants achieving ≥10% weight loss.
Compound: Semaglutide
Inst: Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute (Multi-Center)
In 529 patients with HFpEF and obesity, semaglutide improved Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire scores by 7.8 points, reduced body weight by 13.3%, and improved 6-minute walk distance.
Compound: Semaglutide
Inst: Washington Center for Weight Management (Multi-Center)
After 20-week run-in, continued semaglutide produced additional 7.9% weight loss at week 68, while those switched to placebo regained 6.9%, demonstrating the importance of treatment continuation.
Compound: Tirzepatide
Inst: National Research Institute (Multi-Center)
Head-to-head comparison showed tirzepatide 15 mg reduced HbA1c by 2.46% vs semaglutide 1 mg 1.86%, with body weight reductions of 12.4 kg vs 6.2 kg at 40 weeks in 1,879 T2D patients.
Compound: Tirzepatide
Inst: Yale School of Medicine (Multi-Center)
In 2,539 adults with BMI ≥30, tirzepatide 15 mg produced 22.5% mean body weight loss at 72 weeks — the largest weight reduction ever achieved with a pharmaceutical agent at the time.
Compound: Tirzepatide
Inst: Dallas Diabetes Research Center (Multi-Center)
Tirzepatide as add-on to basal insulin reduced HbA1c by 2.1% with body weight loss of 12.3 kg versus HbA1c 1.1% reduction and 3.2 kg weight gain with insulin lispro over 52 weeks.
Compound: Tirzepatide
Inst: UC San Diego (Multi-Center)
Tirzepatide reduced apnea-hypopnea index by approximately 50% (up to 30 events/hour reduction) in patients with moderate-to-severe OSA, with mean weight loss of 18-20% at 52 weeks.
Compound: Tirzepatide
Inst: University of Pisa (Multi-Center)
In 2,002 T2D patients with high CV risk, tirzepatide achieved 2.24% HbA1c reduction and 11.7 kg weight loss at 52 weeks versus insulin glargine, with lower hypoglycemia rates.
Compound: Tirzepatide
Inst: Eli Lilly Research Laboratories
Tirzepatide enhanced thermogenic gene expression in both brown and white adipose tissue, increased energy expenditure, and shifted amino acid metabolism toward fat oxidation pathways in preclinical models.
Compound: NAD+
Inst: University of Colorado Boulder
First-in-human crossover study demonstrated that 6-week NR supplementation raised whole-blood NAD+ by 60%, was well-tolerated, and showed trends toward reduced arterial stiffness and lowered systolic blood pressure.
Compound: NAD+
Inst: University of New South Wales
NAD+ precursor treatment in aged mice restored oocyte quality, improved ovulation rates, and rescued fertility to levels comparable to young controls — implicating NAD+ decline in age-related infertility.
Compound: NAD+
Inst: Buck Institute for Research on Aging
Authoritative review mapping the full landscape of NAD+ biosynthesis, consumption, and decline with aging, covering sirtuins, PARPs, CD38, and therapeutic strategies for NAD+ repletion.
Compound: NAD+
Inst: Harvard Medical School
Seminal study demonstrating that NAD+ decline with age disrupts the SIRT1/HIF-1α axis creating pseudohypoxia; NMN supplementation in aged mice restored mitochondrial function to youthful levels within one week.
Compound: NAD+
Inst: Keio University School of Medicine
First clinical safety/tolerability study of oral NMN in 10 healthy men: single doses up to 500 mg were safe and well-tolerated, with dose-dependent rises in plasma NMN and NAD+ metabolites.
Compound: GHK-Cu
Inst: Skin Biology (Research Foundation)
GHK-Cu modulates expression of 4,000+ human genes, resetting gene expression patterns of damaged tissues toward health — affecting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, stem cell, and DNA repair pathways.
Compound: GHK-Cu
Inst: Skin Biology (Research Foundation)
GHK-Cu levels decline from 200 ng/mL at age 20 to 80 ng/mL by age 60. This decline correlates with increased oxidative damage, and exogenous GHK-Cu supplementation reverses multiple age-related biomarkers.
Compound: GHK-Cu
Inst: Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences
GHK-Cu-loaded wound dressings accelerated full-thickness wound closure in rats by 40% vs controls, with enhanced collagen synthesis, angiogenesis, and earlier expression of wound-healing cytokines.
Compound: GHK-Cu
Inst: University of California, San Francisco
Clinical data summary showing GHK-Cu topical application increased skin collagen by 70%, improved skin density by 29%, reduced fine lines by 36%, and improved elasticity by 56% across controlled trials.
Compound: GHK-Cu
Inst: Skin Biology (Research Foundation)
Connectivity Map analysis revealed GHK-Cu upregulates 59 TGF-β superfamily genes, activates collagen remodeling, increases antioxidant and DNA-repair gene expression, and suppresses metastasis-promoting genes.
Compound: KPV
Inst: INSERM, Université Montpellier
KPV-loaded nanoparticles delivered orally showed significant anti-inflammatory efficacy in DSS-induced colitis models, reducing TNF-α and IL-6 while maintaining mucosal integrity, rivaling corticosteroid effects.
Compound: KPV
Inst: University of Texas Medical Branch
KPV (C-terminal tripeptide of α-MSH) inhibited NF-κB translocation and downstream pro-inflammatory gene expression through a melanocortin receptor-independent mechanism, demonstrating direct intracellular anti-inflammatory action.
Compound: KPV
Inst: University of Münster
Systemic KPV administration reduced disease activity index, prevented colonic shortening, and preserved mucosal architecture in acute colitis models through MC1R-mediated and NF-κB-independent pathways.
Compound: KPV
Inst: University of Münster
Review establishing that KPV retains the full anti-inflammatory potency of the larger α-MSH molecule and can penetrate cell membranes to inhibit NF-κB activation independently of melanocortin receptors.
Compound: Retatrutide
Inst: Dallas Diabetes Research Center (Multi-Center)
281 T2D patients receiving retatrutide at highest dose achieved HbA1c reduction of 2.02% vs 0.01% placebo, with 100% of patients reaching target HbA1c <7% at 24 weeks.
Compound: Retatrutide
Inst: Yale School of Medicine (Multi-Center)
Phase 2 trial in 338 adults with obesity showed retatrutide 12 mg produced 24.2% body weight loss at 48 weeks — the highest reported for any anti-obesity pharmacotherapy — with manageable GI side effects.
Compound: Retatrutide
Inst: Eli Lilly Research Laboratories
Preclinical characterization of LY3437943 (retatrutide) showing tri-agonism at GIP/GLP-1/glucagon receptors produced superior weight loss, improved hepatic steatosis, and enhanced energy expenditure versus dual agonists.
Compound: Retatrutide
Inst: Virginia Commonwealth University (Multi-Center)
Phase 2 sub-study showed retatrutide eliminated liver fat (≤5%) in over 85% of patients with MASLD at 48 weeks, with mean liver fat reduction of ~80% from baseline at the 12 mg dose.
Compound: MOTS-c
Inst: University of Southern California
MOTS-c levels increase with exercise, and exogenous MOTS-c administration in aged mice improved physical capacity, grip strength, gait, and thermogenesis to levels approximating young controls.
Compound: MOTS-c
Inst: Fourth Military Medical University, China
MOTS-c treatment prevented ovariectomy-induced obesity and insulin resistance by promoting brown adipose tissue activation, improving glucose tolerance, and reducing visceral fat accumulation.
Compound: MOTS-c
Inst: University of Southern California
MOTS-c translocates to the nucleus under metabolic stress to directly regulate ARE-containing genes via AMPK-dependent chromatin remodeling — establishing a novel mito-nuclear communication pathway.
Compound: MOTS-c
Inst: Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Centenarian populations show higher circulating MOTS-c levels; specific MOTS-c polymorphism (m.1382A>C) is enriched in Japanese centenarians and associated with enhanced exercise tolerance.
Compound: Glutathione
Inst: Penn State University
6-month RCT in 54 adults demonstrated oral glutathione (250 and 1000 mg/day) significantly increased blood GSH levels, reduced oxidative stress biomarkers, and enhanced natural killer cell cytotoxicity.
Compound: Glutathione
Inst: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
Comprehensive review establishing that intracellular glutathione levels are a critical determinant of lymphocyte proliferation and T-cell activation, with systemic GSH depletion linked to immunodeficiency.
Compound: Glutathione
Inst: Baylor College of Medicine
GlyNAC supplementation in older adults corrected glutathione deficiency within 2 weeks, improved mitochondrial function, lowered oxidative stress, and reduced inflammation and insulin resistance over 24 weeks.
Compound: Glutathione
Inst: Osaka University
Adipose tissue oxidative stress increases with fat accumulation and directly depletes systemic glutathione. This establishes the GSH-metabolic syndrome link and the rationale for glutathione augmentation in obesity.
Compound: Epithalon
Inst: Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology
Epithalon and related peptide bioregulators activated specific gene expression in aging human bronchial epithelial cells, restoring signal transduction and proliferative capacity to levels seen in younger cells.
Compound: Epithalon
Inst: Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology
Epitalon and short peptides interact directly with DNA through complementary nucleotide binding, modulating chromatin structure and gene expression — providing an epigenetic mechanism for peptide bioregulation.
Compound: Epithalon
Inst: N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology
Epithalamin treatment begun in old age increased mean lifespan of female SHR mice by 12.3%, reduced spontaneous tumour incidence, and inhibited tumour growth rate — extending maximum lifespan.
Compound: Epithalon
Inst: Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology
Chronic epitalon administration from 6 months of age increased mean lifespan by 12.5% in male Wistar rats, reduced chromosome aberrations, and restored evening melatonin production to youthful levels.
Compound: Melanotan II
Inst: Palatin Technologies / Multi-Center
RCT in 18 premenopausal women with female sexual arousal disorder demonstrated Melanotan II significantly increased genital arousal, sexual desire, and sexual satisfaction versus placebo.
Compound: Melanotan II
Inst: University of Arizona
Original characterization of Melanotan II demonstrating 100-1000x greater melanotropic potency than native α-MSH, prolonged biological activity, and high resistance to enzymatic degradation.
Compound: Melanotan II
Inst: University of Arizona
Subcutaneous Melanotan II produced clinically meaningful erectile responses in 17 of 20 men with psychogenic ED, with a dose-dependent increase in penile rigidity across multiple monitoring parameters.
Compound: Melanotan II
Inst: University of Sydney
Ten-day Melanotan II administration in 65 participants showed melanin density increases even in fair-skinned MC1R variant carriers; subcutaneous delivery produced dose-dependent tanning with photoprotective potential.
Compound: Ipamorelin
Inst: Novo Nordisk Research Laboratories
Ipamorelin demonstrated potent, dose-dependent GH release without affecting ACTH, cortisol, prolactin, FSH, LH, or TSH — establishing it as the most selective growth hormone secretagogue known.
Compound: Ipamorelin
Inst: Sahlgrenska University Hospital
Ipamorelin prevented dexamethasone-induced bone loss in adult rats, maintaining bone formation markers and trabecular bone mineral density through sustained GH/IGF-I axis stimulation.
Compound: Ipamorelin
Inst: Oklahoma City VA / University of Oklahoma
Phase II trial in patients after abdominal surgery demonstrated ipamorelin significantly accelerated time to first bowel movement and hospital discharge, acting through ghrelin receptor-mediated prokinetic effects.
Compound: Ipamorelin
Inst: Novo Nordisk Research Laboratories
Confirmatory study showing ipamorelin releases GH with potency comparable to GHRP-6 but without GHRP-6 side effects — no cortisol release, no prolactin elevation, and no change in aldosterone levels at any dose.
Compound: CJC-1295
Inst: University of Illinois at Chicago
CJC-1295 administered to GH-deficient adults restored age-appropriate GH and IGF-I levels with once-weekly dosing, demonstrating the feasibility of long-acting GHRH analog therapy for GH insufficiency.
Compound: CJC-1295
Inst: Mayo Clinic
Co-administration of a GHRH analog with a GHRP achieved synergistic GH release 2-3x greater than either agent alone, with preserved pulsatile GH secretion patterns and no tachyphylaxis over repeat dosing.
Compound: CJC-1295
Inst: University of Virginia
Review covering CJC-1295 pharmacokinetics demonstrating 8-day half-life through albumin binding, sustained IGF-I elevation for 9-11 days, and potential for weekly or biweekly dosing in clinical use.
Compound: CJC-1295
Inst: University of Chicago
Foundational study linking GHRH-axis decline with age-dependent loss of slow-wave sleep and nocturnal GH secretion; GHRH analog supplementation (such as CJC-1295) may restore both sleep architecture and GH output.
Compound: Sermorelin
Inst: Multi-Center
Two-year open-label study in GH-deficient children demonstrated sermorelin maintained sustained increases in growth velocity, height SDS, and IGF-I without clinically significant adverse events or antibody development.
Compound: Sermorelin
Inst: Massachusetts General Hospital
GHRH analog therapy reduced trunk fat by 6.2%, increased lean body mass by 1.3 kg, and improved lipid profiles in HIV patients with lipodystrophy over 12 weeks versus placebo.
Compound: Sermorelin
Inst: Salk Institute
Comprehensive mapping of GHRH neuronal circuits in the hypothalamus explaining why GHRH analogs like sermorelin preserve physiological pulsatility while exogenous GH replacement suppresses it.
Compound: Sermorelin
Inst: Johns Hopkins University
Thirty-month subcutaneous GHRH administration in healthy elderly men restored IGF-I to young-adult levels, increased lean body mass, and improved nitrogen balance without significant adverse effects.
Compound: Tesamorelin
Inst: Massachusetts General Hospital
Tesamorelin treatment for 12 months reduced carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in HIV patients, suggesting cardiovascular protective effects beyond its established visceral fat reduction benefits.
Compound: Tesamorelin
Inst: University of Washington
Twenty-week GHRH (tesamorelin) treatment improved cognitive function, executive function, and verbal memory in both MCI patients and healthy older adults, with enhanced insulin sensitivity and favorable body composition changes.
Compound: Tesamorelin
Inst: Massachusetts General Hospital (Multi-Center)
Post-hoc analysis of 585 HIV patients showed tesamorelin not only reduced existing liver fat but prevented new-onset hepatic steatosis, with number needed to treat of 7 over 12 months.
Compound: Tesamorelin
Inst: McGill University (Multi-Center)
Extended 52-week tesamorelin treatment maintained visceral fat reduction (−18.4%), did not worsen glucose tolerance, preserved lean mass, and showed a well-tolerated safety profile with no clinically relevant injection-site reactions.
Compound: Tesamorelin
Inst: Massachusetts General Hospital
Tesamorelin demonstrated reductions in histological markers of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis alongside fat reduction, supporting its potential role in NAFLD/NASH management beyond HIV populations.
Compound: BPC-157
Inst: Multi-Institutional (USA)
Comprehensive assessment of BPC-157 molecular mechanisms and regenerative potential across 36+ preclinical models, covering angiogenesis, anti-inflammatory pathways, and growth hormone receptor upregulation in musculoskeletal contexts.
Compound: BPC-157
Inst: Multi-Institutional (Europe)
Systematic review of BPC-157 pleiotropic effects across tissue injury, IBD, and CNS disorders covering molecular mechanisms, patent landscape, and clinical development status through 2024.
Compound: TB-500
Inst: Wayne State University / Kresge Eye Institute
Topical Tβ4 as adjunct to ciprofloxacin reduced inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, MIP-2, MMP-9) while enhancing bacterial clearance in P. aeruginosa keratitis models, demonstrating synergistic anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial potential.
Compound: TB-500
Inst: Wayne State University / NIH
Mechanistic review of Tβ4 multi-pathway repair activity including cell migration via laminin-332 synthesis, anti-inflammation through NF-κB suppression, and anti-apoptosis in corneal, dermal, and cardiac tissues.
Compound: GHK-Cu
Inst: Jining Medical University / Shandong First Medical University
GHK-Cu demonstrated therapeutic potential in DSS-induced murine colitis through SIRT1/STAT3 pathway regulation, with reduced inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and improved intestinal barrier integrity.
Compound: GHK-Cu
Inst: Bloomage Biotechnology / Zhejiang Peptites Biotech
Combination of GHK-Cu with hyaluronic acid produced a 25.4-fold increase in collagen IV synthesis in fibroblast assays and 2.03-fold in ex-vivo human skin models, demonstrating significant synergistic dermal regeneration.
Compound: KPV
Inst: Multi-Institutional (South Korea)
KPV (50 μg/mL) restored cell viability in PM10-exposed keratinocytes by inhibiting ROS production, reducing caspase-3 cleavage and apoptosis markers, and suppressing NF-κB/MAPK inflammatory cascades.
Compound: KPV
Inst: Multi-Institutional (China)
Co-assembly nanoparticles of KPV and FK506 achieved superior reduction of CD68+ macrophage and CD3+ T-cell infiltration versus KPV alone, with restoration of tight junction proteins in acute and chronic colitis models.
Compound: Epithalon
Inst: University of Chieti-Pescara / St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology
Epitalon restored wound healing capacity in high-glucose-injured retinal pigment epithelial cells by reducing ROS, inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and reversing fibrosis-related gene upregulation.
Compound: MOTS-c
Inst: Multi-Institutional (China)
MOTS-c reduces ovarian cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by competing with deubiquitinase USP7 for LARS1 binding, inducing proteasomal degradation and downstream apoptosis signaling.
Compound: MOTS-c
Inst: Multi-Institutional
Meta-analysis of circulating MOTS-c levels across metabolic conditions showing significantly lower MOTS-c in T2DM and obesity, with protective associations against insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome markers.
Compound: Glutathione
Inst: Multi-Institutional
Comprehensive review mapping glutathione depletion mechanisms in T2DM — covering NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory cascades, mitochondrial dysfunction, and therapeutic potential of GSH supplementation and precursor compounds (NAC, GlyNAC).
Compound: Semaglutide
Inst: Multi-Center International
Landmark trial in 3,533 T2DM patients with CKD: semaglutide 1 mg weekly reduced major kidney events by 24%, slowed eGFR decline by 1.16 mL/min/1.73m² annually, lowered cardiovascular events by 18%, and reduced all-cause mortality by 20%.
Compound: Semaglutide
Inst: Multi-Center International (253 sites, 37 countries)
1,197-patient Phase 3 trial: semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly achieved MASH resolution in 62.9% vs 34.3% placebo (P<0.001) and fibrosis improvement in 36.8% vs 22.4% (P<0.001) at 72 weeks — establishing efficacy in liver disease.
Compound: Semaglutide
Inst: Multi-Center (50 sites, 9 countries)
Phase 3 trial demonstrating oral semaglutide 50 mg once daily achieved 15.1% mean body weight loss at 68 weeks vs 2.4% placebo, with 85% reaching ≥5% weight reduction — matching injectable efficacy in an oral formulation.
Compound: Tirzepatide
Inst: Multi-Center International
731-patient RCT: tirzepatide reduced death from cardiovascular causes or worsening heart failure by 38% (HR 0.62, P=0.026), improved KCCQ scores by 6.9 points, and reduced body weight by ~15% — first GLP-1-class agent to show HFpEF outcomes benefit.
Compound: Tirzepatide
Inst: Multi-Center International
First trial specifically targeting weight reduction in T2DM: tirzepatide 15 mg achieved 15.7% mean body weight loss vs 3.3% placebo at 72 weeks, with 79-83% of participants reaching ≥5% weight loss and significant HbA1c improvements.
Compound: Tirzepatide
Inst: Multi-Center International
First head-to-head comparison in obesity without diabetes: tirzepatide achieved 20.2% weight loss vs semaglutide 13.7% at 72 weeks (P<0.001), with superior waist circumference reduction — establishing tirzepatide superiority.
Compound: Retatrutide
Inst: Multi-Center International
Design paper for the TRIUMPH Phase 3 program enrolling 5,800+ participants across seven trials. Early TRIUMPH-4 topline results showed 28.7% body weight loss and 75% reduction in knee OA pain scores at 68 weeks.
Compound: Retatrutide
Inst: Multi-Institutional
Meta-analysis of 3 RCTs (878 patients) showed retatrutide significantly reduced body weight by 14.33%, BMI by 5.38 kg/m², waist circumference by 10.51 cm, and fasting plasma glucose by 23.51 mg/dL vs placebo.
Compound: Ipamorelin
Inst: Ochsner Clinic Foundation / University of Queensland (Multi-Center)
Multicenter Phase 2 RCT (n=117) evaluating IV ipamorelin 0.03 mg/kg twice daily for postoperative ileus after bowel resection. Ipamorelin was well tolerated with a safety profile comparable to placebo.
Compound: CJC-1295
Inst: Johns Hopkins University / NICHD
Once-daily CJC-1295 in GHRH knockout mice normalized body weight, linear growth, and somatotroph proliferation with increased pituitary GH mRNA — demonstrating that long-acting GHRH analogs can fully rescue GH-axis deficiency.
Compound: Sermorelin
Inst: Multi-Institutional
Modern systematic review of GH secretagogues including sermorelin, confirming rapid GH-releasing properties, 11-12 minute half-life, clinical efficacy in GH deficiency diagnosis, and emerging applications in muscle wasting.
Compound: Tesamorelin
Inst: UCSD / Multi-Center
Phase 2 RCT (n=73) of tesamorelin 2 mg daily in virally suppressed HIV patients showed significant waist circumference reduction and trends toward improved neurocognitive performance at 6 months, expanding tesamorelin evidence beyond body composition.
Compound: Melanotan II
Inst: Multi-Institutional
Qualitative analysis of melanotan II user experiences across online forums, documenting motivations (UV-free tanning, photoprotection), self-reported efficacy, and adverse event profiles including nausea, facial flushing, and mole darkening.
Compound: BPC-157
Inst: University of Zagreb School of Medicine
Comprehensive review of BPC-157's diverse biological activities and emerging therapeutic applications across multiple organ systems.
Compound: BPC-157
Inst: University of Zagreb
Evidence that BPC-157 restores bidirectional brain-gut communication and intestinal barrier integrity in neuroinflammatory conditions.
Compound: BPC-157
Inst: University of Zagreb
BPC-157 significantly mitigates ischemia-reperfusion-induced systemic inflammation and organ damage in distant sites.
Compound: BPC-157
Inst: American College of Gastroenterology
Clinical evidence suggesting BPC-157 as an oral therapeutic adjunct improving IBD outcomes when combined with standard treatments.
Compound: BPC-157
Inst: Medical University of Silesia
Integration of mechanisms linking BPC-157 cytoprotective effects to neuroregeneration through the gut-brain axis.
Compound: BPC-157
Inst: University of Zagreb School of Medicine
Theoretical framework proposing BPC-157 as a potential treatment for COVID-19 based on its anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective mechanisms.
Compound: BPC-157
Inst: Ankara University
BPC-157 demonstrates analgesic and neuroprotective effects in experimental chronic constriction injury models through nerve regeneration.
Compound: TB-500
Inst: University of South Florida
Seminal study demonstrating thymosin β4's acceleration of wound healing through enhanced angiogenesis and re-epithelialization.
Compound: TB-500
Inst: National Institute of Standards and Technology
Thymosin β4 promotes multiple aspects of tissue regeneration including vascular formation, wound closure, and follicle morphogenesis.
Compound: TB-500
Inst: Schepens Eye Research Institute
Thymosin β4 suppresses inflammatory mediators in corneal epithelial cells, reducing ulceration and promoting healing.
Compound: TB-500
Inst: Massachusetts Eye and Ear
Thymosin β4 combined with antibiotics accelerates healing in bacterial keratitis by modulating inflammation and tissue regeneration.
Compound: TB-500
Inst: Keio University
Thymosin β4 enhances neural stem cell survival and differentiation in spinal cord injury models, promoting functional recovery.
Compound: TB-500
Inst: Université Paris-Saclay
Demonstrates the mechanism by which thymosin β4 regulates actin dynamics in immune cells, modulating inflammatory responses.
Compound: GHK-Cu
Inst: Regenecare Research
Comprehensive review of copper peptide mechanisms in wound healing, collagen synthesis, and skin barrier restoration.
Compound: GHK-Cu
Inst: Nanjing University
Novel GHK-Cu nanoparticle formulation demonstrates superior wound-healing capacity combined with photothermal therapeutic effects.
Compound: GHK-Cu
Inst: Seoul National University
GHK-Cu-containing hydrogel exhibits antimicrobial and regenerative properties for treating infected wounds with self-healing capacity.
Compound: GHK-Cu
Inst: Indian Institute of Technology
GHK-Cu-silver nanoparticle formulations demonstrate synergistic antibacterial and wound-healing effects against multi-drug resistant pathogens.
Compound: GHK-Cu
Inst: Regenecare Research
GHK peptide promotes collagen remodeling, inhibits inflammatory pathways, and restores skin elasticity through multiple anti-aging mechanisms.
Compound: GHK-Cu
Inst: Regenecare Research
Copper peptides exhibit dual capacity for skin regeneration and potential anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells.
Compound: KPV
Inst: MIT
Novel ROS-responsive delivery system enables KPV oral bioavailability, releasing peptide specifically in inflamed intestinal tissue.
Compound: KPV
Inst: University of Strasbourg
Colon-targeted KPV nanoparticles show superior therapeutic effects in colitis models compared to systemic delivery.
Compound: KPV
Inst: Manipal Institute of Technology
Chitosan-alginate formulation enhances KPV stability and intestinal absorption while reducing systemic exposure.
Compound: Epithalon
Inst: Petrov National Research Institute of Oncology
Epithalon directly activates telomerase and extends telomere length in human somatic cells, suggesting cellular longevity effects.
Compound: Epithalon
Inst: Petrov National Research Institute of Oncology
Confirmation that epithalon activates telomerase activity and promotes telomere elongation, extending cellular lifespan.
Compound: Epithalon
Inst: Petrov National Research Institute of Oncology
Epithalon extends lifespan in Drosophila through telomerase activation and enhanced cellular stress resistance mechanisms.
Compound: Epithalon
Inst: St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation
Epithalon stimulates hepatocyte proliferation and regeneration through telomere-dependent and telomerase-independent mechanisms.
Compound: CJC-1295
Inst: University of Virginia
CJC-1295 demonstrates potent GH secretion stimulation with a single dose, increasing GH pulse amplitude significantly in healthy adults.
Compound: Ipamorelin
Inst: Aarhus University Hospital
Comparative study demonstrating ipamorelin's selective and potent GH secretagogue properties with favorable safety profile.
Compound: Ipamorelin
Inst: UCLA
Ipamorelin demonstrates safety and efficacy in accelerating postoperative ileus recovery through GH-mediated prokinetic mechanisms.
Compound: Sermorelin
Inst: Medical College of Wisconsin
Long-term sermorelin therapy shows sustained effects on lean body mass and bone density in age-related GH deficiency.
Compound: Sermorelin
Inst: University of Virginia
Sermorelin maintains GH stimulation without tachyphylaxis, preserving physiologic GH pulsatility in aging adults.
Compound: Tesamorelin
Inst: University of Washington
Tesamorelin-induced GH increases modulate GABAergic neurotransmission, improving cognitive outcomes in mild cognitive impairment.
Compound: Tesamorelin
Inst: Maple Leaf Medical Clinic
Tesamorelin significantly reduces visceral adiposity and improves atherogenic dyslipidemia in HIV-associated lipodystrophy.
Compound: Semaglutide
Inst: Johns Hopkins University
Semaglutide demonstrates significant renoprotective effects in patients with obesity and cardiovascular disease, reducing kidney disease progression.
Compound: Semaglutide
Inst: Brigham and Women's Hospital
Semaglutide reduces heart failure hospitalization and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease.
Compound: Semaglutide
Inst: University of Melbourne
Semaglutide's cardiovascular benefits are sustained across all stages of chronic kidney disease severity in diabetic patients.
Compound: Semaglutide
Inst: University of Padua
Semaglutide use is associated with reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in type 2 diabetes patients.
Compound: Semaglutide
Inst: Inova Fairfax Hospital
Semaglutide achieves MASH resolution in a significant proportion of patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.
Compound: Semaglutide
Inst: Baylor University
Semaglutide addresses multiple components of cardiometabolic-kidney syndrome through weight loss and organ-protective mechanisms.
Compound: Tirzepatide
Inst: Cleveland Clinic
Tirzepatide demonstrates superior efficacy in resolving MASH with concurrent regression of hepatic fibrosis in the SYNERGY-NASH trial.
Compound: Tirzepatide
Inst: Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute
Tirzepatide reduces heart failure hospitalizations and improves cardiac function through weight reduction and cardioprotective mechanisms.
Compound: Tirzepatide
Inst: University of Washington
Tirzepatide demonstrates superior cardiovascular risk reduction compared to dulaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Compound: Tirzepatide
Inst: Johns Hopkins University
Tirzepatide significantly reduces left ventricular mass and epicardial adipose tissue in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
Compound: Tirzepatide
Inst: Novo Nordisk A/S
Comprehensive review of tirzepatide's dual GIP/GLP-1 agonism mechanism and superior weight loss efficacy in obesity management.
Compound: Tirzepatide
Inst: CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology
In-depth analysis of tirzepatide's metabolic effects on insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, and cardiorenal protection.
Compound: Retatrutide
Inst: University of North Carolina
Systematic review confirms retatrutide's superior weight loss efficacy and favorable safety profile compared to dual agonists.
Compound: Retatrutide
Inst: Eli Lilly and Company
Retatrutide demonstrates unprecedented weight loss and concurrent improvements in osteoarthritis pain scores in TRIUMPH-4 trial.
Compound: Retatrutide
Inst: Texas Diabetes Institute
Analysis of retatrutide's triple GLP-1/GIP/GCG receptor agonism mechanism and superiority to dual agonists in metabolic disorders.
Compound: NAD+
Inst: Stanford University
NAD+ supplementation reverses Alzheimer's neurological deficits through splicing factor correction and neuronal stress response activation.
Compound: NAD+
Inst: University of Chicago
Nicotinamide riboside raises NAD+ levels and improves cognitive function and recovery in long-COVID patients.
Compound: NAD+
Inst: Harvard Medical School
Clinical and translational evidence supporting NAD+ precursors as anti-aging interventions targeting fundamental aging mechanisms.
Compound: NAD+
Inst: University Medical Center Utrecht
NAD+ supplementation shows promise in progeroid syndromes and accelerated aging disorders through DNA repair enhancement.
Compound: NAD+
Inst: Zhejiang University
Comprehensive review of NAD+ precursors (NR, NMN) showing metabolic benefits through sirtuin activation and mitochondrial optimization.
Compound: NAD+
Inst: University of Colorado
Systems-level approach combining multiple NAD+ pathway interventions shows synergistic effects on aging markers in humans.
Compound: MOTS-c
Inst: USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology
Comprehensive review of MOTS-c function in metabolic homeostasis, stress resistance, and aging phenotype reversal.
Compound: MOTS-c
Inst: Buck Institute for Research on Aging
Analysis of MOTS-c therapeutic potential in metabolic disorders, aging, and age-related diseases.
Compound: MOTS-c
Inst: Seoul University
MOTS-c regulates glucose metabolism and prevents age-related metabolic dysfunction through AMPK signaling.
Compound: MOTS-c
Inst: Stanford University School of Medicine
Discovery of MOTS-c direct binding to casein kinase 2 alpha, revealing molecular mechanism of metabolic protection.
Compound: Glutathione
Inst: Osaka University
Review of glutathione supplementation efficacy and safety profile in melanogenesis inhibition and skin depigmentation.
Compound: Glutathione
Inst: University of Delhi
Novel glutathione analogues and delivery systems overcome poor oral bioavailability to enhance systemic antioxidant status.
Compound: Glutathione
Inst: Indian Institute of Medical Sciences
Glutathione depletion drives oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways in diabetes; supplementation offers potential therapeutic benefit.
Compound: Glutathione
Inst: University of Cape Town
Glutathione supplementation improves immune function and reduces opportunistic infections in HIV and HIV-TB patients.
Compound: Melanotan II
Inst: University of Murcia
Comprehensive review of MC1R agonism benefits for pigmentation and sexual function, with assessment of long-term safety.
Compound: Melanotan II
Inst: University of Crete
Analytical characterization of melanotan II structure and metabolites using advanced liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.
Compound: Melanotan II
Inst: University of Saarland
Melanotan II directly activates melanocortin-1 receptors to induce melanogenesis without requiring UV stimulation.
Compound: BPC-157
Inst: University of Zagreb
BPC-157 significantly accelerated corneal re-epithelialization and reduced scarring in a rat alkali-burn model, demonstrating ophthalmic regenerative potential.
Compound: TB-500
Inst: RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals
Phase II trial (n=73) found 0.03% topical thymosin beta-4 accelerated venous stasis ulcer healing, with 25% of treated patients achieving full closure within 3 months.
Compound: Semaglutide
Inst: Multi-Institutional
Comprehensive review examining semaglutide's expanding therapeutic landscape beyond diabetes, including cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, and neurological applications.
Compound: Tirzepatide
Inst: Baylor University Medical Center / Multi-Center
SUMMIT trajectory analysis revealed tirzepatide produced sustained, progressive improvements in heart failure symptoms, exercise capacity, and C-reactive protein over 52 weeks.
Compound: Retatrutide
Inst: Eli Lilly and Company
Mechanistic review of how retatrutide's triple GIP/GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonism produces synergistic weight loss exceeding dual agonists through enhanced energy expenditure and appetite suppression.
Compound: Glutathione
Inst: Bastyr University
Pilot RCT demonstrating that oral glutathione supplementation at 500 mg twice daily elevated plasma GSH levels and reduced oxidative stress markers over four weeks in healthy adults.
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